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NEET 2028 Syllabus

2028 ( Online Exam : 3 hr 15 mins )
Number of Question : 45 \| Total Marks : 180		Number of Question : 45 \| Total Marks : 180		Number of Question : 90 \| Total Marks : 360
Physics		Chemistry		Biology ( Zoology + Botany )
Class 11	Class 12	Class 11	Class 12	Class 11	Class 12
Physical World and Measurement	Electrostatics	Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry	Solutions	Diversity of Living Organisms	Reproduction
Kinematics	Current Electricity	Structure of Atom	Electrochemistry	Structural Organisation	Genetics & Evolution
Laws of Motion	Magnetic Effects of Current & Magnetism	Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties	Chemical Kinetics	Cell Biology	Biology in Human Welfare
Work, Energy and Power	EMI and Alternating Current	Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure	p Block Elements	Plant Physiology	Biotechnology
Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body	Electromagnetic Waves	Chemical Thermodynamics	d and f Block Elements	Human Physiology	Ecology
Gravitation	Optics	Chemical & Ionic Equilibrium	Coordination Compounds
Properties of Bulk Matter	Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter	Redox Reactions	Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Thermodynamics	Atoms and Nuclei	Organic Chemistry: Basic Principles	Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory	Electronic Devices	Hydrocarbons	Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids
Oscillations and Waves			Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
			Biomolecules

Physics

Class XI :

1. Physical World and Measurement

1. Units and Measurements.
2. Need for measuremen.
3. Units of measurement.
4. Systems of Units.
5. SI Units.
6. Fundamental and Derived Units.
7. Significant Figures.
8. Dimensions of Physical Quantities.
9. Dimensional Analysis and its Applications.

2. Kinematics

1. Frame of Reference.
2. Motion in Straight Line.
3. Elementary Concepts of Differentiation and Integration for Describing Motion.
4. Uniform and Non-Uniform Motion.
5. Average Speed and Instantaneous Velocity.
6. Uniformly Accelerated Motion.
7. Velocity Time Graph and Position Time Graph.
8. Scalar Quantities and Vector Quantities.
9. Axial and Polar Vectors.
10. Addition and Subtraction of Vectors.
11. Relative Velocity.
12. Unit Vector.
13. Resolution of a Vector In a Plane.
14. Scalar and Vector Product of Vector.
15. Motion in a plane.
16. Cases of Uniform Velocity and Uniform Acceleration-Projectile Motion.
17. Uniform Circular Motion.

3. Laws of Motion

1. Intuitive Concept of Force.
2. Inertia.
3. Newton's First Law of Motion.
4. Momentum and Newton's Second Law of Motion.
5. Impulse.
6. Newton's Third Law of Motion.
7. Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum and its Applications.
8. Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces.
9. Static and Kinetic Friction.
10. Laws of Friction.
11. Rolling Friction.
12. Lubrication.
13. Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion.
14. Centripetal Force.
15. Examples of Circular Motion ( Vehicle on a Level Circular Road,Vehicle on a Banked Road ).

4. Work Energy and Power

1. Work Done by a Constant Force and a Variable Force.
2. Kinetic Energy.
3. Work-Energy Theorem.
4. Power.
5. Notion of Potential Energy.
6. Potential Energy of a Spring.
7. Conservative Forces..
8. Conservation of Mechanical Energy ( Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy ).
9. Non-Conservative Forces.
10. Motion in a Vertical Circle.
11. Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in One and Two Dimension.

5. Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body

1. Centre of Mass of a Two-Particle System.
2. Momentum Conservation and Centre of Mass Motion.
3. Centre of Mass of a Rigid Body.
4. Centre of Mass of a Uniform Rod.
5. Moment of a Force.
6. Torque.
7. Angular Momentum.
8. Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum and its Applications.
9. Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies.
10. Rigid Body Rotation.
11. Equations of Rotational Motion.
12. Comparison of Linear and Rotational Motion.
13. Moment of Inertia.
14. Radius of Gyration.
15. Values of Moments of Inertia for Simple Geometrical Objects (No Derivation).

6. Gravitation

1. Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion.
2. Universal Law of Gravitation.
3. Acceleration Due to Gravity and its Variation with Altitude and Depth.
4. Gravitational Potential Energy AND Gravitational Potential.
5. Escape Velocity.
6. Orbital Velocity of a Satellite.

7. Properties of Bulk Matter

1. Elastic Behaviour.
2. Stress-Strain Relationship.
3. Hooke's Law.
4. Young's Modulus.
5. Bulk Modulus.
6. Shear Modulus of Rigidity.
7. Poisson's Ratio.
8. Elastic Energy.
9. Pressure Due to a Fluid Column.
10. Pascal's Law and its Applications ( Hydraulic Lift and Hydraulic Brakes ).
11. Effect of Gravity on Fluid Pressure.
12. Viscosity.
13. Stokes' Law.
14. Terminal Velocity.
15. Streamline and Turbulent Flow.
16. Critical Velocity.
17. Bernoulli's Theorem and its Applications.
18. Surface Energy and Surface Tension.
19. Angle of Contact.
20. Excess Pressure Across a Curved Surface.
21. Applications of Surface Tension ideas to drops.
22. Bubbles and Capillary Rise.
23. Heat.
24. Temperature.
25. Thermal Expansion.
26. Thermal Expansion of Solids.
27. Thermal Expansion of Liquids.
28. Thermal Expansion of Gases.
29. Anomalous Expansion of Water.
30. Specific Heat Capacity.
31. Cp - Cv Calorimetry.
32. Change of State - Latent Heat Capacity.
33. Heat Transfer - Conduction,Conduction,Convection and Radiation.
34. Thermal Conductivity.
35. Qualitative Ideas of Blackbody Radiation.
36. Wien's Displacement Law.
37. Stefan's Law.

8. Thermodynamics

1. Thermal Equilibrium and Definition of Temperature ( Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics ).
2. Heat.
3. Work and Internal Energy.
4. First Law of Thermodynamics.
5. Isothermal and Adiabatic Process.
6. Second Law of Thermodynamics.
7. Reversible and Irreversible Processes.

9. Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

1. Equation of State of a Perfect Gas.
2. Work Done in Compressing a Gas.
3. Kinetic Theory of Gases - Assumptions.
4. Concept of Pressure.
5. Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature.
6. RMS Speed of Gas Molecules.
7. Degrees of Freedom.
8. Law of Equipartition of Energy ( Statement Only ) and Applications to Specific Heat Capacities of Gases.
9. Concept of Mean Free Path.
10. Avogadro's Number.

10. Oscillations and Waves

1. Periodic Motion - Time Period.
2. Frequency.
3. Displacement as a Function of Time.
4. Periodic Functions.
5. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)and its Equation.
6. Phase.
7. Oscillations of a Loaded Spring : Restoring Force and Force Constant.
8. Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion.
9 . Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy.
10. Simple Pendulum derivation of expression for its time period.
11. Free Oscillations.
12. Forced , Forced and Damped Oscillations(qualitative ideas only).
13. Resonance.
14. Wave Motion.
15. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves.
16. Speed of Wave Motion.
17. Displacement Relation for a Progressive Wave.
18. Principle of Superposition of Waves.
19. Reflection of Waves.
20. Standing Waves in Strings and Organ Pipes.
21. Fundamental Mode and Harmonics.
22. Beats.

Class XII :

1. Electrostatics

1. Electric Charges.
2. Conservation of Charge.
3. Coulomb's Law.
4. Force Between Two Point Charges.
5. Forces Between Multiple Charges.
6. Superposition Principle and Continuous Charge Distribution.
7. Electric Field.
8. Electric Field Lines.
9. Electric Dipole.
10. Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole.
11. Torque on a Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field.
12. Electric Flux.
13. Gauss's Theorem.
14. Applications of Gauss's Theorem.
15. Electric Field Due to an Infinitely Long Straight Wire.
16. Electric Field Due to a Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet.
17. Electric Field Due to a Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell.
18. Electric Potential.
19. Potential Difference.
20. Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge.
21. Electric Potential Due to an Electric Dipole.
22. Electric Potential Due to a System of Charges.
23. Equipotential Surfaces.
24. Electrical Potential Energy of a System of Two Point Charges.
25. Electrical Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole in an Electrostatic Field.
26. Conductors.
27. Insulators.
28. Free Charges Inside a Conductor.
29. Bound Charges Inside a Conductor.
30. Dielectrics.
31. Electric Polarisation.
32. Capacitors.
33. Capacitance.
34. Combination of Capacitors in Series.
35. Combination of Capacitors in Parallel.
36. Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor.
37. Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor with Dielectric Medium.
38. Energy Stored in a Capacitor.

2. Current Electricity

1. Electric Current.
2. Flow of Electric Charges in a Metallic Conductor.
3. Drift Velocity.
4. Mobility.
5. Relation Between Drift Velocity and Electric Current.
6. Ohm's Law.
7. Electrical Resistance.
8. V-I Characteristics.
9. Linear V-I Characteristics.
10. Non-Linear V-I Characteristics.
11. Electrical Energy.
12. Electrical Power.
13. Electrical Resistivity.
14. Electrical Conductivity.
15. Carbon Resistors.
16. Colour Code for Carbon Resistors.
17. Series Combination of Resistors.
18. Parallel Combination of Resistors.
19. Temperature Dependence of Resistance.
20. Internal Resistance of a Cell.
21. Potential Difference of a Cell.
22. Electromotive Force (EMF) of a Cell.
23. Combination of Cells in Series.
24. Combination of Cells in Parallel.
25. Kirchhoff's Laws.
26. Applications of Kirchhoff's Laws.
27. Wheatstone Bridge.
28. Metre Bridge.
29. Potentiometer.
30. Principle of Potentiometer.
31. Measurement of Potential Difference Using Potentiometer.
32. Comparison of EMF of Two Cells.
33. Measurement of Internal Resistance of a Cell.

3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

1. Concept of Magnetic Field.
2. Oersted's Experiment.
3. Biot-Savart Law.
4. Application of Biot-Savart Law to a Current Carrying Circular Loop.
5. Ampere's Circuital Law.
6. Applications of Ampere's Law.
7. Magnetic Field Due to an Infinitely Long Straight Wire.
8. Straight Solenoid.
9. Toroidal Solenoid.
10. Force on a Moving Charge in a Uniform Magnetic Field.
11. Force on a Moving Charge in a Uniform Electric Field.
12. Cyclotron.
13. Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Uniform Magnetic Field.
14. Force Between Two Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors.
15. Definition of Ampere.
16. Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field.
17. Moving Coil Galvanometer.
18. Current Sensitivity of a Moving Coil Galvanometer.
19. Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter.
20. Conversion of Galvanometer into Voltmeter.
21. Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole.
22. Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Current Loop.
23. Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Revolving Electron.
24. Magnetic Field Intensity Due to a Magnetic Dipole.
25. Magnetic Field Along the Axis of a Bar Magnet.
26. Magnetic Field Perpendicular to the Axis of a Bar Magnet.
27. Torque on a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field.
28. Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid.
29. Magnetic Field Lines.
30. Earth's Magnetic Field.
31. Magnetic Elements of Earth.
32. Paramagnetic Substances.
33. Diamagnetic Substances.
34. Ferromagnetic Substances.
35. Examples of Paramagnetic Substances.
36. Examples of Diamagnetic Substances.
37. Examples of Ferromagnetic Substances.
38. Electromagnets.
39. Factors Affecting the Strength of Electromagnets.
40. Permanent Magnets.

4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current

1. Electromagnetic Induction.
2. Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction.
3. Induced EMF.
4. Induced Current.
5. Lenz's Law.
6. Eddy Currents.
7. Self Induction.
8. Mutual Induction.
9. Alternating Current (AC).
10. Peak Value of Alternating Current.
11. Peak Value of Alternating Voltage.
12. RMS Value of Alternating Current.
13. RMS Value of Alternating Voltage.
14. Reactance.
15. Impedance.
16. LC Oscillations.
17. LCR Series Circuit.
18. Resonance in LCR Circuit.
19. Power in AC Circuits.
20. Wattless Current.
21. AC Generator.
22. Transformer.

5. Electromagnetic Waves

1. Need for Displacement Current.
2. Electromagnetic Waves.
3. Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves.
4. Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves.
5. Electromagnetic Spectrum.
6. Radio Waves.
7. Uses of Radio Waves.
8. Microwaves.
9. Uses of Microwaves.
10. Infrared Rays.
11. Uses of Infrared Rays.
12. Visible Light.
13. Uses of Visible Light.
14. Ultraviolet Rays.
15. Uses of Ultraviolet Rays.
16. X-Rays.
17. Uses of X-Rays.
18. Gamma Rays.
19. Uses of Gamma Rays.

6. Optics

1. Reflection of Light.
2. Spherical Mirrors.
3. Mirror Formula.
4. Refraction of Light.
5. Total Internal Reflection.
6. Applications of Total Internal Reflection.
7. Optical Fibres.
8. Refraction at Spherical Surfaces.
9. Lenses.
10. Thin Lens Formula.
11. Lensmaker's Formula.
12. Magnification.
13. Power of a Lens.
14. Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact.
15. Combination of a Lens and a Mirror.
16. Refraction Through a Prism.
17. Dispersion of Light Through a Prism.
18. Scattering of Light.
19. Blue Colour of the Sky.
20. Reddish Appearance of the Sun at Sunrise.
21. Reddish Appearance of the Sun at Sunset.
22. Optical Instruments.
23. Microscopes.
24. Magnifying Power of a Microscope.
25. Astronomical Telescopes.
26. Reflecting Telescope.
27. Refracting Telescope.
28. Magnifying Power of an Astronomical Telescope.
29. Wave Optics.
30. Wavefront.
31. Huygens' Principle.
32. Reflection of Plane Wavefront at a Plane Surface.
33. Refraction of Plane Wavefront at a Plane Surface.
34. Laws of Reflection Using Huygens' Principle.
35. Laws of Refraction Using Huygens' Principle.
36. Interference of Light.
37. Young's Double Slit Experiment.
38. Fringe Width.
39. Expression for Fringe Width.
40. Coherent Sources.
41. Sustained Interference of Light.
42. Diffraction.
43. Diffraction Due to a Single Slit.
44. Width of Central Maximum.
45. Resolving Power of a Microscope.
46. Resolving Power of an Astronomical Telescope.
47. Polarisation.
48. Plane Polarised Light.
49. Brewster's Law.
50. Uses of Plane Polarised Light.
51. Polaroids.
52. Uses of Polaroids.

7. Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

1. Dual Nature of Radiation.
2. Photoelectric Effect.
3. Hertz's Observations on Photoelectric Effect.
4. Lenard's Observations on Photoelectric Effect.
5. Einstein's Photoelectric Equation.
6. Particle Nature of Light.
7. Matter Waves.
8. Wave Nature of Particles.
9. de Broglie Relation.
10. Davisson-Germer Experiment.
11. Conclusion of Davisson-Germer Experiment.

8. Atoms and Nuclei

1. Alpha-Particle Scattering Experiment.
2. Rutherford's Model of Atom.
3. Bohr Model of Atom.
4. Energy Levels in an Atom.
5. Hydrogen Spectrum.
6. Composition of Nucleus.
7. Size of Nucleus.
8. Atomic Masses.
9. Isotopes.
10. Isobars.
11. Isotones.
12. Radioactivity.
13. Alpha Particles and Their Properties.
14. Beta Particles and Their Properties.
15. Gamma Rays and Their Properties.
16. Radioactive Decay Law.
17. Mass-Energy Relation.
18. Mass Defect.
19. Binding Energy per Nucleon.
20. Variation of Binding Energy with Mass Number.
21. Nuclear Fission.
22. Nuclear Fusion.

9. Electronic Devices

1. Energy Bands in Solids.
2. Metals.
3. Insulators.
4. Semiconductors.
5. Semiconductor Diode.
6. I-V Characteristics of a Semiconductor Diode.
7. Forward Bias of a Diode.
8. Reverse Bias of a Diode.
9. Diode as a Rectifier.
10. Light Emitting Diode (LED).
11. I-V Characteristics of LED.
12. Photodiode.
13. I-V Characteristics of Photodiode.
14. Solar Cell.
15. I-V Characteristics of Solar Cell.
16. Zener Diode.
17. I-V Characteristics of Zener Diode.
18. Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator.
19. Junction Transistor.
20. Transistor Action.
21. Characteristics of a Transistor.
22. Transistor as an Amplifier.
23. Common Emitter Configuration.
24. Transistor as an Oscillator.
25. Logic Gates.
26. OR Gate.
27. AND Gate.
28. NOT Gate.
29. NAND Gate.
30. NOR Gate.

Chemistry

Class XI :

1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

1. General Introduction to Chemistry.
2. Importance of Chemistry.
3. Scope of Chemistry.
4. Nature of Matter.
5. Laws of Chemical Combination.
6. Dalton's Atomic Theory.
7. Elements.
8. Atoms.
9. Molecules.
10. Atomic Mass.
11. Molecular Mass.
12. Mole Concept.
13. Molar Mass.
14. Percentage Composition.
15. Empirical Formula.
16. Molecular Formula.
17. Chemical Reactions.
18. Stoichiometry.
19. Stoichiometric Calculations.

2. Structure of Atom

1. Atomic Number.
2. Isotopes.
3. Isobars.
4. Shells.
5. Subshells.
6. Dual Nature of Light and Matter.
7. de Broglie's Relationship.
8. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
9. s-Orbitals.
10. p-Orbitals.
11. d-Orbitals.
12. Shapes of s-Orbitals.
13. Shapes of p-Orbitals.
14. Shapes of d-Orbitals.
15. Quantum Numbers.
16. Principal Quantum Number.
17. Azimuthal Quantum Number.
18. Magnetic Quantum Number.
19. Spin Quantum Number.
20. Aufbau Principle.
21. Pauli's Exclusion Principle.
22. Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity.
23. Electronic Configuration.
24. Stability of Half-Filled Orbitals.
25. Stability of Completely Filled Orbitals.

3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity

1. Modern Periodic Law.
2. Present Form of the Periodic Table.
3. Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements.
4. Atomic Radii.
5. Ionic Radii.
6. Inert Gas Radii.
7. Ionization Enthalpy.
8. Electron Gain Enthalpy.
9. Electronegativity.
10. Valence.

4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

1. Valence Electrons.
2. Ionic Bond.
3. Covalent Bond.
4. Bond Parameters.
5. Lewis Structure.
6. Polar Character of Covalent Bond.
7. Valence Bond Theory.
8. Resonance.
9. Geometry of Molecules.
10. VSEPR Theory.
11. Hybridization.
12. Hybridization Involving s Orbitals.
13. Hybridization Involving p Orbitals.
14. Hybridization Involving d Orbitals.
15. Shapes of Simple Molecules.
16. Molecular Orbital Theory.
17. Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules.
18. Hydrogen Bond.

5. Chemical Thermodynamics

1. System and Surroundings.
2. Types of Systems.
3. Work.
4. Heat.
5. Energy.
6. State Functions.
7. Internal Energy.
8. First Law of Thermodynamics.
9. Enthalpy.
10. Heat Capacity.
11. Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation.
12. Enthalpy of Combustion.
13. Enthalpy of Formation.
14. Enthalpy of Atomization.
15. Enthalpy Change.
16. Second Law of Thermodynamics.
17. Third Law of Thermodynamics.
18. Entropy.
19. Gibbs Energy Change.
20. Spontaneity of a Process.
21. Criteria for Spontaneity.
22. Chemical Equilibrium.
23. Criteria for Equilibrium.

6. Chemical & Ionic Equilibrium

1. Equilibrium.
2. Equilibrium in Physical Processes.
3. Equilibrium in Chemical Processes.
4. Law of Mass Action.
5. Le Chatelier's Principle.
6. Ionic Equilibrium.
7. Ionization of Acids.
8. Ionization of Bases.
9. Degree of Ionization.
10. pH Concept.
11. Henderson Equation.
12. Salt Hydrolysis.
13. Buffer Solutions.
14. Solubility Product (Ksp).
15. Common Ion Effect.

7. Redox Reactions

1. Oxidation.
2. Reduction.
3. Redox Reactions.
4. Identification of Redox Reactions.
5. Oxidation Number.
6. Rules for Calculating Oxidation Numbers.
7. Calculation of Oxidation Numbers.
8. Balancing Redox Reactions.
9. Electron Loss Method.
10. Electron Gain Method.
11. Oxidation Number Change Method.
12. Oxidizing Agents.
13. Reducing Agents.

8. Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques

1. General Introduction to Organic Chemistry.
2. Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds.
3. Qualitative Analysis.
4. Quantitative Analysis.
5. Classification of Organic Compounds.
6. IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds.
7. Electronic Displacement in a Covalent Bond.
8. Inductive Effect.
9. Electromeric Effect.
10. Resonance.
11. Hyperconjugation.
12. Homolytic Fission of a Covalent Bond.
13. Heterolytic Fission of a Covalent Bond.
14. Free Radicals.
15. Carbocations.
16. Carbanions.
17. Electrophiles.
18. Nucleophiles.
19. Types of Organic Reactions.
20. Addition Reactions.
21. Substitution Reactions.
22. Elimination Reactions.
23. Rearrangement Reactions.

9. Hydrocarbons

1. Classification of Hydrocarbons.
2. Alkanes.
3. Nomenclature of Alkanes.
4. Isomerism in Alkanes.
5. Conformations of Ethane.
6. Physical Properties of Alkanes.
7. Chemical Reactions of Alkanes.
8. Free Radical Mechanism of Halogenation.
9. Halogenation of Alkanes.
10. Combustion of Alkanes.
11. Pyrolysis of Alkanes.
12. Alkenes.
13. Nomenclature of Alkenes.
14. Structure of Double Bond in Ethene.
15. Geometrical Isomerism.
16. Physical Properties of Alkenes.
17. Methods of Preparation of Alkenes.
18. Addition of Hydrogen to Alkenes.
19. Addition of Halogens to Alkenes.
20. Addition of Water to Alkenes.
21. Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes.
22. Markovnikov's Rule.
23. Peroxide Effect.
24. Ozonolysis.
25. Oxidation of Alkenes.
26. Mechanism of Electrophilic Addition.
27. Alkynes.
28. Nomenclature of Alkynes.
29. Structure of Triple Bond in Ethyne.
30. Physical Properties of Alkynes.
31. Methods of Preparation of Alkynes.
32. Acidic Character of Alkynes.
33. Addition of Hydrogen to Alkynes.
34. Addition of Halogens to Alkynes.
35. Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkynes.
36. Addition of Water to Alkynes.
37. Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
38. Introduction to Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
39. IUPAC Nomenclature of Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
40. Benzene.
41. Resonance in Benzene.
42. Aromaticity.
43. Chemical Properties of Benzene.
44. Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution.
45. Nitration of Benzene.
46. Sulphonation of Benzene.
47. Halogenation of Benzene.
48. Friedel-Crafts Alkylation.
49. Friedel-Crafts Acylation.
50. Directive Influence of Functional Groups.
51. Mono-Substituted Benzene.

Class XII :

1. Solutions

1. Types of Solutions.
2. Solutions of Solids in Liquids.
3. Concentration Expressions.
4. Mass Percentage.
5. Volume Percentage.
6. Parts Per Million (PPM).
7. Mole Fraction.
8. Molarity.
9. Molality.
10. Solubility.
11. Gas Solubility in Liquids.
12. Henry's Law.
13. Raoult's Law.
14. Vapour Pressure of Solutions.
15. Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure.
16. Colligative Properties.
17. Elevation of Boiling Point.
18. Depression of Freezing Point.
19. Osmotic Pressure.
20. Abnormal Molecular Masses.
21. Van't Hoff Factor.

2. Electrochemistry

1. Electrolytic Solutions.
2. Conductance in Electrolytic Solutions.
3. Specific Conductance (Conductivity).
4. Molar Conductivity.
5. Variation of Conductivity with Concentration.
6. Kohlrausch's Law.
7. Applications of Kohlrausch's Law.
8. Electrolysis.
9. Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis.
10. Electrochemical Cells.
11. Electromotive Force (EMF) of a Cell.
12. Standard Electrode Potential.
13. Nernst Equation.
14. Gibbs Energy Change.
15. Relationship Between Gibbs Energy and EMF.
16. Cell Reactions.
17. Galvanic Cells.
18. Dry Cell.
19. Lead Accumulator.
20. Fuel Cells.
21. Corrosion.
22. Prevention of Corrosion.

3. Chemical Kinetics

1. Rate of Reaction.
2. Average Rate of Reaction.
3. Instantaneous Rate of Reaction.
4. Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction.
5. Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate.
6. Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate.
7. Effect of Catalysts on Reaction Rate.
8. Order of Reaction.
9. Molecularity of Reaction.
10. Rate Law.
11. Rate Constant.
12. Integrated Rate Equation.
13. Zero Order Reactions.
14. Integrated Rate Equation for Zero Order Reactions.
15. Half-Life of Zero Order Reactions.
16. First Order Reactions.
17. Integrated Rate Equation for First Order Reactions.
18. Half-Life of First Order Reactions.
19. Activation Energy.
20. Arrhenius Equation.
21. Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions.
22. Effective Collisions.
23. Collision Frequency.
24. Orientation Factor.

4. p-Block Elements

1. Group 15 Elements (Nitrogen Family).
2. Group 16 Elements (Oxygen Family).
3. Group 17 Elements (Halogen Family).
4. Group 18 Elements (Noble Gases).
5. General Introduction to p-Block Elements.
6. Electronic Configuration of Group 15 Elements.
7. Electronic Configuration of Group 16 Elements.
8. Electronic Configuration of Group 17 Elements.
9. Electronic Configuration of Group 18 Elements.
10. Physical Properties of Group 15 Elements.
11. Chemical Properties of Group 15 Elements.
12. Physical Properties of Group 16 Elements.
13. Chemical Properties of Group 16 Elements.
14. Physical Properties of Group 17 Elements.
15. Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements.
16. Physical Properties of Group 18 Elements.
17. Chemical Properties of Group 18 Elements.
18. Periodic Trends Across Periods.
19. Periodic Trends Down the Groups.
20. Unique Behaviour of Nitrogen.
21. Unique Behaviour of Oxygen.
22. Unique Behaviour of Fluorine.
23. Unique Behaviour of Helium.

5. d and f Block Elements

1. General Introduction to d-Block and f-Block Elements.
2. Electronic Configuration of Transition Elements.
3. Occurrence of Transition Metals.
4. Characteristics of Transition Metals.
5. First Row Transition Elements.
6. Metallic Character of Transition Metals.
7. Ionization Enthalpy of Transition Metals.
8. Oxidation States of Transition Metals.
9. Ionic Radii of Transition Metals.
10. Colour of Transition Metal Compounds.
11. Catalytic Properties of Transition Metals.
12. Magnetic Properties of Transition Metals.
13. Interstitial Compounds.
14. Alloy Formation.
15. Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇).
16. Preparation of Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇).
17. Properties of Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇).
18. Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄).
19. Preparation of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄).
20. Properties of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄).
21. Lanthanoids.
22. Electronic Configuration of Lanthanoids.
23. Oxidation States of Lanthanoids.
24. Chemical Reactivity of Lanthanoids.
25. Lanthanoid Contraction.
26. Consequences of Lanthanoid Contraction.
27. Actinoids.
28. Electronic Configuration of Actinoids.
29. Oxidation States of Actinoids.
30. Comparison Between Actinoids and Lanthanoids.

6. Coordination Compounds

1. Introduction to Coordination Compounds.
2. Ligands.
3. Types of Ligands.
4. Coordination Number.
5. Colour of Coordination Compounds.
6. Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds.
7. Shapes of Coordination Compounds.
8. IUPAC Nomenclature of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds.
9. Isomerism in Coordination Compounds.
10. Structural Isomerism.
11. Stereo Isomerism.
12. Bonding in Coordination Compounds.
13. Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds.
14. Valence Bond Theory (VBT).
15. Crystal Field Theory (CFT).
16. Importance of Coordination Compounds.
17. Coordination Compounds in Qualitative Analysis.
18. Coordination Compounds in Extraction of Metals.
19. Coordination Compounds in Biological Systems.

7. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

1. Haloalkanes.
2. Nomenclature of Haloalkanes.
3. Nature of C–X Bond in Haloalkanes.
4. Physical Properties of Haloalkanes.
5. Chemical Properties of Haloalkanes.
6. Substitution Reactions of Haloalkanes.
7. Mechanism of Substitution Reactions.
8. Optical Rotation.
9. Haloarenes.
10. Nature of C–X Bond in Haloarenes.
11. Substitution Reactions of Haloarenes.
12. Directive Influence of Halogens in Monosubstituted Compounds.
13. Dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂).
14. Uses of Dichloromethane.
15. Environmental Effects of Dichloromethane.
16. Trichloromethane (Chloroform, CHCl₃).
17. Uses of Trichloromethane.
18. Environmental Effects of Trichloromethane.
19. Tetrachloromethane (Carbon Tetrachloride, CCl₄).
20. Uses of Tetrachloromethane.
21. Environmental Effects of Tetrachloromethane.
22. Iodoform (CHI₃).
23. Uses of Iodoform.
24. Environmental Effects of Iodoform.
25. Freons.
26. Uses of Freons.
27. Environmental Effects of Freons.
28. DDT.
29. Uses of DDT.
30. Environmental Effects of DDT.

8. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

1. Alcohols.
2. Nomenclature of Alcohols.
3. Methods of Preparation of Alcohols.
4. Physical Properties of Alcohols.
5. Chemical Properties of Primary Alcohols.
6. Primary Alcohols.
7. Secondary Alcohols.
8. Tertiary Alcohols.
9. Identification of Primary Alcohols.
10. Identification of Secondary Alcohols.
11. Identification of Tertiary Alcohols.
12. Dehydration of Alcohols.
13. Mechanism of Dehydration of Alcohols.
14. Methanol.
15. Uses of Methanol.
16. Ethanol.
17. Uses of Ethanol.
18. Phenols.
19. Nomenclature of Phenols.
20. Methods of Preparation of Phenols.
21. Physical Properties of Phenols.
22. Chemical Properties of Phenols.
23. Acidic Nature of Phenol.
24. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of Phenols.
25. Uses of Phenols.
26. Ethers.
27. Nomenclature of Ethers.
28. Methods of Preparation of Ethers.
29. Physical Properties of Ethers.
30. Chemical Properties of Ethers.
31. Uses of Ethers.

9. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

1. Aldehydes.
2. Ketones.
3. Nomenclature of Aldehydes.
4. Nomenclature of Ketones.
5. Carbonyl Group.
6. Nature of Carbonyl Group.
7. Methods of Preparation of Aldehydes.
8. Methods of Preparation of Ketones.
9. Physical Properties of Aldehydes.
10. Physical Properties of Ketones.
11. Chemical Properties of Aldehydes.
12. Chemical Properties of Ketones.
13. Nucleophilic Addition Reactions.
14. Mechanism of Nucleophilic Addition.
15. Alpha Hydrogen in Aldehydes.
16. Reactivity of Alpha Hydrogen in Aldehydes.
17. Uses of Aldehydes.
18. Uses of Ketones.
19. Carboxylic Acids.
20. Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids.
21. Acidic Nature of Carboxylic Acids.
22. Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids.
23. Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids.
24. Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids.
25. Uses of Carboxylic Acids.

10. Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

1. Amines.
2. Nomenclature of Amines.
3. Classification of Amines.
4. Structure of Amines.
5. Methods of Preparation of Amines.
6. Physical Properties of Amines.
7. Chemical Properties of Amines.
8. Uses of Amines.
9. Primary Amines.
10. Secondary Amines.
11. Tertiary Amines.
12. Identification of Primary Amines.
13. Identification of Secondary Amines.
14. Identification of Tertiary Amines.
15. Diazonium Salts.
16. Preparation of Diazonium Salts.
17. Chemical Reactions of Diazonium Salts.
18. Sandmeyer Reaction.
19. Gattermann Reaction.
20. Coupling Reactions of Diazonium Salts.
21. Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthetic Organic Chemistry.

11. Biomolecules

1. Carbohydrates.
2. Classification of Carbohydrates.
3. Aldoses.
4. Ketoses.
5. Monosaccharides.
6. Glucose.
7. Fructose.
8. D-L Configuration.
9. Oligosaccharides.
10. Sucrose.
11. Lactose.
12. Maltose.
13. Polysaccharides.
14. Starch.
15. Cellulose.
16. Glycogen.
17. Importance of Carbohydrates.
18. Proteins.
19. Amino Acids.
20. Peptide Bond.
21. Polypeptides.
22. Structure of Proteins.
23. Primary Structure of Proteins.
24. Secondary Structure of Proteins.
25. Tertiary Structure of Proteins.
26. Quaternary Structure of Proteins.
27. Denaturation of Proteins.
28. Enzymes.
29. Hormones.
30. Elementary Concept of Hormones.
31. Vitamins.
32. Classification of Vitamins.
33. Functions of Vitamins.
34. Nucleic Acids.
35. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).
36. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid).

Biology

Class XI :

Chapter 1 ( Unit I: Diversity in Living World )

This unit provides the foundational understanding of biological classification and the vast variety of life forms on Earth. It is a high-yield area for NEET as it introduces taxonomic hierarchy and the characteristics of different kingdoms.

1. The Living World.
2. What is living.
3. Biodiversity.
4. Need for classification.
5. Three domains of life.
6. Taxonomy & Systematics.
7. Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy.
8. Binomial nomenclature.
9. Tools for study of taxonomy — Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.

Chapter 2 ( Unit I: Diversity in Living World )

1. Biological Classification.
2. Five kingdom classification.
3. salient features and classification of Monera.
4. Protista and Fungi into major groups.
5. Lichens.
6. Viruses and Viroids.

Chapter 3 ( Unit I: Diversity in Living World )

1. Salient Features and Classification of Plants into Major Groups-Algae.
2. Bryophytes.
3. Pteridophytes.
4. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms ( Three to Five Salient and Distinguishing Features and at least Two Examples of Each Category).
5. Angiosperms - Classification up to Class.
6. Characteristic Features and Examples.

Chapter 4 ( Unit I: Diversity in Living World )

1. Animal Kingdom.
2. Salient Features and Classification of Animals .
3. Nonchordate up to Phyla Level and Chordate up to Class Level (Three to Five Salient Features and at least Two Examples).

Chapter 5 ( Unit II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants )

1. Morphology of Flowering Plants Morphology Deals With The External Structure and Forms of Plants.
For NEET 2027.
You Must Focus on Modifications and Technical Descriptions Used in Floral Formulas.

The Root: Types of root systems (tap, fibrous, adventitious), regions of the root, and modifications for support, storage, and respiration.
The Stem: Characteristics, nodes and internodes, and modifications (tendrils, thorns, phylloclades).
The Leaf: Structure, venation (reticulate and parallel), types of leaves (simple and compound), phyllotaxy, and modifications.
The Inflorescence: Racemose and cymose patterns.
The Flower: Parts of a flower, ovary position (hypogynous, perigynous, epigynous), and symmetry (actinomorphic, zygomorphic).
The Fruit and Seed: Structure of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous seeds.
Technical Description of Families: Floral features and diagrams of family Solanaceae.

Chapter 6 ( Unit II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants )

1. Anatomy of Flowering Plants Anatomy Explores The Internal Organization of Tissues.
2. While The Syllabus Has Been Streamlined.
3. The Comparison Between Monocots and Dicots Remains a High-Weightage Area.

4. The Tissue System.
5. Epidermal Tissue System.
6. Ground Tissue System and Vascular Tissue System (Xylem and Phloem).
7. Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants.
8. Internal Structure of Roots.
9. Stems and Leaves.
10. Secondary Growth.
11. Though Reduced in Recent Updates.
12. Understanding the Basic Concept of Cambium Activity is Helpful for Conceptual Clarity.

Chapter 7 ( Unit II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants )

1. Animal Tissues.
2. Classification.
3. Structure and Location of Epithelial.
4. Connective.
5. Muscular and Neural Tissues.
6. Organ and Organ System.
7. Basic Introduction to How Tissues Form Functional Organs.
8. Morphology and Anatomy of Frog.
9. Following Recent NMC Updates.
10. The Study of The Frog (Rana Tigrina) Has Become a Primary Focus.
11. You Must Cover The Digestive.
12. Circulatory.
13. Respiratory.
14. Nervous.
15. Excretory and Reproductive Systems.
16. Morphology and Anatomy of Cockroach.
Detailed Study of the External Features and Internal Systems ( Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, Nervous, and reproductive) of an Insect.

17. Morphology of Flowering Plants External Structures Floral Formulas.
18. Root/Stem/Leaf Modifications.
19. Inflorescence Types Anatomy of Flowering Plants Internal Tissues Vascular Bundle arrangements.
20. Dicot vs Monocot Differences Structural Org.
21. in Animals Tissues & Systems Epithelial Tissues.
22. Connective Tissues.
23. Frog & Cockroach Anatomy Unit III.
24. Cell: Structure and Functions.

Chapter 8 ( Unit II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants )

1. Cell.
2. The Unit of Life Cell Theory.
3. Historical background and the modern definition of the cell.
4. Prokaryotic Cells.
5. Detailed Structure of Bacterial Cells.
6. Envelope and Inclusion Bodies.
7. Eukaryotic Cells.
8. In-Depth Study of Organelles Including Mitochondria.
9. Chloroplasts.
10. Ribosomes.
11. Cytoskeleton.
12. Cilia.
13. Flagella and The Nucleus.

Chapter 9 ( Unit II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants )

1. Biomolecules Chemical Constituents.
2. Analysis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites.
3. Structure of Macromolecules.
4. Understanding Proteins (Amino Acids).
5. Polysaccharides and Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA).
6. Enzymes.
7. Classification.
8. Nomenclature and The Mechanism of Enzyme Action Including Factors Affecting Activity ( pH, Temperature ).

Chapter 10 ( Unit II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants )

1. Cell Cycle and Cell Division Cell Cycle.
2. Understanding the phases (G1, S, G2, and M phase).
3. Mitosis.
4. Detailed Study of Stages ( Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) and its Significance in Growth.
5. Meiosis.
6. Phases of Meiosis I and II.
7. The Process of Crossing Over.
8. Its Importance in Genetic Variation.

Chapter 11 ( Unit IV: Plant Physiology )

This unit covers the essential metabolic and growth processes in plants, emphasizing internal mechanisms over morphology.

1. Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Light Reactions.
2. Photosystems I and II.
3. Electron Transport and Photophosphorylation ( Cyclic and Non-Cyclic).
4. Detailed Pathways of The Calvin Cycle (C3) and Hatch-Slack Pathway (C4).
5. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis.
6. Law of Limiting Factors and Light Intensity.

Chapter 12 ( Unit IV: Plant Physiology )

This unit covers the essential metabolic and growth processes in plants, emphasizing internal mechanisms over morphology.

1. Respiration in Plants Glycolysis and Fermentation.
2. Breakdown of Glucose in Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions.
3. TCA Cycle.
4. The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport System (ETS) in the Mitochondria.
5. Respiratory Quotient (RQ).
6. Calculations for Different Types of Respiratory Substrates.

Chapter 13 ( Unit IV: Plant Physiology )

This unit covers the essential metabolic and growth processes in plants, emphasizing internal mechanisms over morphology.

1. Plant Growth and Development Phases of Growth.
2. Differentiation.
3. Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation.
4. Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs).
5. Physiological Effects of Auxins.
6. Gibberellins.
7. Cytokinins.
8. Ethylene and Abscisic Acid.
9. Photoperiodism and Vernalization.
10. Response of Plants to Light Duration and Temperature.

Chapter 14 ( Unit V: Human Physiology )